1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Oporność mikroorganizmów na biocydy. 3. Oporność bakterii na biocydy determinowana przez geny znajdujące się na plazmidzie. 4. Zmiana ultrastruktury składników osłon komórkowych, jako odpowiedź komórki bakterii na działanie biocydów. 4.1. Modyfikacje lipopolisacharydu bakterii Gram-ujemnych. 4.2. Modyfikacje białek błony zewnętrznej oraz pompy efflux jako główny system oporności na biocydy bakterii Gram-ujemnych. 5. Biofilm bakteryjny jako strategia ochronna przed działaniem substancji biobójczych. 6. Oporność krzyżowa bakterii na biocydy i antybiotyki. 7. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Interactions between bacterial cells and antimicrobial agents, including disinfectants, are still not well investigated and understood, especially in terms of bacterial insusceptibility to biocides. Facing increasing and deepening multidrug resistance phenomenon among pathogenic bacteria, disinfection is one of the most popular and effective non-antibiotic control and elimination method of pathogen dissemination. If disinfection is supposed to be an alternative solution to antibiotic therapy, it needs to be confirmed that multidrug resistance would not be resplaced by an even more dangerous phenomenon, i.e. microbial resistance to biocides. Hence, it is essential to investigate this issue. Recently, there have been a lot of research about interactions between microorganisms and biocides, which is reflected in the numerous publications available in the Pub-Med database (649 from years 2009–2014). What is more, since 2013/2014 the BacMet database,which contains sequences and information about genes associated with microbial susceptibility to biocides, is available on-line. Better understanding of bacterial molecular response to biocides might reveal some unknown and important interactions.

1. Introduction. 2. Resistance to biocides. 3. Biocide resistance determined by genes contained on plasmids. 4. Changes of bacterial cell envelope in response to biocides. 4.1. Modification of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. 4.2. Modifications of outer membrane proteins and efflux pumps as the main system of bacterial resistance to biocides of Gram-negative bacteria. 5. Bacterial biofilm as a protective strategy against biocides. 6. Cross-resistance of bacteria to biocides and antibiotics. 7. Summary