Browsing tag: biodegradacja

Nitrozwiązki aromatyczne – charakterystyka i metody biodegradacji

Nitroaromatic compounds – characteristics and methods of biodegradation
A. Wysocka, A. Olszyna, I. Komorowska, M. Popowska
8 August 2017

1. Wprowadzenie. 2. 2. Charakterystyka nitrozwiązków aromatycznych. 2.1. Właściwości chemiczne i synteza nitroarenów. 2.2. Syntetyczne nitrozwiązki aromatyczne. 3. Nitrozwiązki aromatyczne w środowisku. 4. Zagrożenia związane z nitrozwiązkami aromatycznymi. 5. Biodegradacja nitrozwiązków aromatycznych. 5.1.Mikrobiologiczna degradacja związków aromatycznych. 5.1.1. Degradacja tlenowa (aerobowa). 5.1.2. Redukcyjny rozkład nitroarenów. 5.1.2.1. Rozkład beztlenowy (anaerobowy). 5.1.3 Degradacja nitrobenzenu – przykład alternatywnych ścieżek rozkładu. 6. Bioremediacja. 6.1 Bioremediacja związków nitroaromatycznych – przykłady realizacji. 6.1.1. Bioremediacja inżynieryjna in situ. 6.1.2. Bioremediacja inżynieryjna ex situ. 6.2. Ograniczenia procesu bioremediacji i strategie ich przezwyciężania. 7. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Nitroaromatic compounds are present in the environment mainly as industry products. They pose a serious risk to our health (often exhibiting strong mutagenic and carcinogenic effect) as well as to the environment. Most of the nitroaromatic compounds are stable due to considerable resistance to degradation and they persist in the environment for a long time. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge concerning biodegradation of nitroaromatic compounds. In the first part, general information regarding their proprieties, synthesis and sources as well as pathways of microbial aerobic or anaerobic degradation are described. In some cases microorganisms have evolved several pathways of degradation specific nitrocompound, for instance nitrobenzene, which we describe in detail. The second part of the publication focuses on environmental bioremediation of nitrocompounds.

1. Introduction. 2.2. Characteristics of aromatic nitrocompounds. 2.1. Chemical properties and synthesis nitroarenes. 2.2. Synthetic aromatic nitrocompounds. 3. The aromatic nitrocompounds in the environment. 4. Risks related to aromatic nitrocompounds. 5. Biodegradation of aromatic nitrocompounds. 5.1. Microbial degradation of aromatic compounds. 5.1.1. Aerobic degradation. 5.1.2. Reductive degradation nitroarenes. 5.1.2.1. Anaerobic digestion. 5.1.3 Degradation of nitrobenzene – an example of alternative distribution pathway. 6. Bioremediation. 6.1. Bioremediation of aromatic nitro compounds – examples of implementation. 6.1.1. Bioremediation engineering in situ. 6.1.2. Bioremediation engineering ex situ. 6.2. Limitations of the bioremediation process and strategies to overcome them. 7. Summary

Autor: Postępy Mikrobiologii
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Krezole a drobnoustroje środowiska glebowego

Cresols and the microorganisms of the soil environment
M. Zaborowska
23 June 2017

1. Wstęp. 2. Naturalne i antropogeniczne źródła krezoli w środowisku. 3. Toksyczność krezoli. 4. Drobnoustroje uczestniczące w rozkładzie krezoli. 5. Tlenowy katabolizm krezoli. 6. Beztlenowy katabolizm krezoli. 7. Mikrobiologiczna degradacja krezoli w środowisku glebowym. 8. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Phenolic compounds, including cresols, in the soil environment are a result of natural processes such as: biodegradation of lignins and tannins, and anthropogenic activity. Cresols are present in disinfectants as well as in the wastewater from chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, paper and textile industry. They are also used in the production of insecticides, herbicides, medicines and antioxidants and have been classified as hazardous substances. Exposure of microorganisms to cresols can bring about changes in the structure of their cell membranes, resulting in their growth inhibition and cell lysis. However, there is still an untapped bioremediation potential in microorganisms, which are able to participate in the catabolism of cresols, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The typical strategies of the aerobic degradation of cresols include the use of monooxygenase and dioxygenase enzymes. Thanks to these enzymes, atoms of molecular oxygen initiate fission of the aromatic ring structure. Under anaerobic conditions, the mechanisms of cresol decomposition  currently focus on the addition of fumarate, hydroxylation or carboxylation. The effectiveness of microorganisms in the degradation of cresols is not only due to their occurrence in consortia. They are also effective as single strains. The only controversial aspect involves using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or their genes in the bioaugmentation process. This is because they are strictly selected and target only specific substrates. Due to this, they do not compete with autochthonous microorganisms undergoing natural selection.

1. Introduction. 2. Natural and anthropogenic sources of cresols in the environment. 3. Toxicity of cresols. 4. The microorganisms participating in the distribution of cresols. 5. Aerobic catabolism of cresols. 6. Anaerobic catabolism of cresols. 7. Microbial degradation of cresols in the soil environment. 8. Summary

Autor: Postępy Mikrobiologii
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Mikroorganizmy w usuwaniu toksycznych barwników przemysłowych

Microbial elimination of toxic industrialdyes
A. Góralczyk, A. Jasińska, J. Długoński
6 June 2017

1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Barwniki syntetyczne – budowa, podział i zastosowanie. 3. Barwniki a środowisko. 4. Metody usuwania barwników syntetycznych ze ścieków. 4.1. Metody chemiczne i fizyczne. 4.2. Metody biologiczne. 4.2.1. Biosorpcja. 4.2.2. Bioakumulacja. 4.2.3. Biodegradacja. 4.3. Sposoby zwiększania wydajności procesu mikrobiologicznej dekoloryzacji barwników. 4.4. Zaawansowane techniki analityczne wykorzystywane w badaniach nad dekoloryzacją barwników. 5. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Many industrial dyes are commonly present in wastewater and, due to its toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, can cause serious pollution of the aquatic environment. So far, a number of strategies has been developed for dye elimination from wastewater, however, the most promising method seems to be bioremediation involving various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and microscopic algae. This article presents the latest research on microbial decolourisation of synthetic dye. Microorganisms capable for decolourisation, mechanisms involved in the bioremoval of dyes and analytical tools applied in process characterization have been summarised. In addition, this review discusses genetic manipulation of microorganisms and enzymes used for dye decolourisation.

1. Introduction. 2. Synthetic dyes – structure, classification and application. 3. Impact of dyes on the environment. 4. Methods for dye removal. 4.1. Chemical and physical methods. 4.2. Biological methods. 4.2.1. Biosorption. 4.2.2. Bioaccumulation. 4.2.3. Biodegradation. 4.3. Enhancement of the microbial decolourisation of dyes. 4.4. Advanced analytical tools in the decolourisation studies. 5. Conclusions

Autor: Postępy Mikrobiologii
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Penicillin G secretion by industrial mycelia of Penicillium chrysogenum

Wydalanie penicyliny G z przemysłowej grzybni Penicillium chrysogenum
W. Kurzątkowski, A. Gębska-Kuczerowska, K. Oliwa-Dobieszewska, A. Gaber, M. Kuczerowski
6 June 2017

1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Barwniki syntetyczne – budowa, podział i zastosowanie. 3. Barwniki a środowisko. 4. Metody usuwania barwników syntetycznych ze ścieków. 4.1. Metody chemiczne i fizyczne. 4.2. Metody biologiczne. 4.2.1. Biosorpcja. 4.2.2. Bioakumulacja. 4.2.3. Biodegradacja. 4.3. Sposoby zwiększania wydajności procesu mikrobiologicznej dekoloryzacji barwników. 4.4. Zaawansowane techniki analityczne wykorzystywane w badaniach nad dekoloryzacją barwników. 5. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Many industrial dyes are commonly present in wastewater and, due to its toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, can cause serious pollution of the aquatic environment. So far, a number of strategies has been developed for dye elimination from wastewater, however, the most promising method seems to be bioremediation involving various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and microscopic algae. This article presents the latest research on microbial decolourisation of synthetic dye. Microorganisms capable for decolourisation, mechanisms involved in the bioremoval of dyes and analytical tools applied in process characterization have been summarised. In addition, this review discusses genetic manipulation of microorganisms and enzymes used for dye decolourisation.

1. Introduction. 2. Synthetic dyes – structure, classification and application. 3. Impact of dyes on the environment. 4. Methods for dye removal. 4.1. Chemical and physical methods. 4.2. Biological methods. 4.2.1. Biosorption. 4.2.2. Bioaccumulation. 4.2.3. Biodegradation. 4.3. Enhancement of the microbial decolourisation of dyes. 4.4. Advanced analytical tools in the decolourisation studies. 5. Conclusions

Autor: Postępy Mikrobiologii
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Current Issue

Current Issue

Advancements of Microbiology
Volume 63 (2024): Issue 1

Publisher

PTM

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