1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Metody immobilizacji komórek. 2.1. Unieruchomienie bez nośnika. 2.2. Unieruchomienie na powierzchni nośnika. 2.3. Unieruchomienie wewnątrz nośnika. 2.3.1. pułapkowanie. 2.3.2. Kapsułkowanie. 2.3.3. Nanoopłaszczanie. 3. Historia zastosowania nośników do immobilizacji materiału biologicznego. 4. Immobilizacja w zastosowaniach biomedycznych. 4.1. Drogi podawania terapeutyków przy użyciu unieruchomionych komórek. 4.2. Właściwości kapsułek wykorzystywanych we wszczepieniach. 4.2.1. Struktura materiału nośnika. 4.2.2. Biozgodność. 4.2.3. Wytrzymałość. 4.2.4. Właściwości chemiczne. 4.3. Właściwości kapsułek wykorzystywanych w terapii doustnej. 4.4. Immobilizowany materiał biologiczny. 4.5. Biomedyczne zastosowania immobilizowanych komórek. 4.5.1. Wykorzystanie unieruchomionych komórek eukariotycznych. 4.5.2. Wykorzystanie unieruchomionych drobnoustrojów. 5. Podsumowanie
Abstract: Cell encapsulation, which aims to entrap viable cells within the confines of semi-permeable membranes, represents one of the current leading methodologies aimed at the delivery of biological factors to patients for the treatment of multiple diseases. The pores of the membrane are suitably sized to allow the entry of small molecules such as oxygen, nutrients and electrolytes into the capsule and egress of metabolites and small bioactive molecules from the capsule. Entrapment of cells in physical membranes has been practiced since the early 1930s. Numerous encapsulation techniques have been developed over the years and they are classified as entrapment, microencapsulation (usually small spherical devices), macroencapsulation (hollow fiber membranes) and nanocoating. Cell encapsulation technologies were initially directed towards the transplantation of cells across an immunological barrier without the use of immunosuppressant drugs. Some encapsulated microorganisms may carry a transfected human gene, and thus become a source of valuable regulatory factors or anti-tumor factors. Such factors released in strategic locations may direct or modify the biological processes in the eukaryotic organism in biomedical applications. Membranes with immobilized cells can be also used as a novel method for oral drug delivery.
1. Introduction. 2. Methods of cell immobilization. 2.1. Immobilization without carrier. 2.2. Immobilization on carrier. 2.3. Immobilization in carrier. 2.3.1. Entrapment. 2.3.2. Encapsulation. 2.3.3. Nanocoating. 3. The history of using membranes for immobilization. 4. Encapsulation in biomedical applications. 4.1. Methods of drug delivery using encapsulated cells. 4.2. Membrane properties important for implantation. 4.2.1. Structure of carrier material. 4.2.2. Biocompatibility. 4.2.3. Durability. 4.2.4. Chemical properties. 4.3. Membrane properties for oral drug delivery. 4.4. Immobilized biological material. 4.5. Biomedical applications of encapsulated cells. 4.5.1. Use of encapsulated eukaryotic cells. 4.5.2. Use of encapsulated microorganisms. 5. Summary
