Abstract: Screening tests are now readily accessible, quick and highly sensitive. Diagnostics of HIV infections involves serological testing followed by confirmation tests by molecular biology methods (NAAT). Fast, accurate, anonymous and free HIV testing has been provided by Voluntary Counselling and Testing Points (VCTs) for over 20 years to any adult in Poland, regardless of nationality. Additionally, the educational activities are conducted aimed at informing people from various social backgrounds about HIV prevention and diagnostic possibilities, as well as other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The aim of the article was to present the procedures for the operation of VCTs in Poland, their location, testing scheme and a summary of the activities that promote such points in the medical community. Between 2019 and 2023, 157,833 people registered for HIV testing in VCTs in Poland, of which 10,177 (6.45%) were foreigners. In the analyzed period, the number of tests among foreigners visiting VCTs in Poland almost doubled, from 1,552 in 2019 to 2,827 in 2023. In addition, a higher percentage of positive results was recorded among foreigners – 5.08% compared to Poles – 1.24%. The frequency analysis of positive results detection reported in VCTs vs. National Institute of Public Health NIH – National Research Institute showed that, on average 26% (2,342/8,891) of positive results in Poland from 2019–2023 were detected in the framework of tests carried out in VCTs. The operation of VCT points in Poland enables the reaching of a larger group of people, especially key adult populations. It is a valuable complement to routine diagnostics outside the health care system.
Browsing tag: HIV
Abstract: The studies on the occurrence and diversity of tick-borne infections in HIV-infected individuals have been few, and the subject has been relatively neglected when compared with other infections associated with HIV. Non-specific symptoms of tick-borne diseases pose a challenge in clinical care and may lead to misdiagnosis, especially in HIV-positive patients, who often experience many non-specific clinical symptoms. Additionally, in immunocompromised patients, a significant delay of antibody production may occur, and the results of a serological test may be misinterpreted. This review focuses on the most common tick-borne infections in HIV-positive patients in Europe.
1. Introduction. 2. Ticks as vectors. 3. Babesiosis. 3.1. Diagnostics and treatment. 4. Lyme borreliosis. 4.1. Diagnostics and treatment. 5. Rickettsiosis. 5.1. Diagnostics and treatment. 6. Conclusions
Streszczenie: Badania dotyczące występowania i różnorodności patogenów przenoszone przez kleszcze u osób zakażonych wirusem HIV są nieliczne w porównaniu z innymi infekcjami towarzyszącymi zakażeniom HIV. Nieswoiste symptomy chorób odkleszczowych stanowią wyzwanie w opiece klinicznej i mogą prowadzić do błędnej diagnozy, szczególnie u pacjentów zakażonych wirusem HIV, u których często występuje jednocześnie wiele, mało specyficznych objawów klinicznych. Dodatkowo u pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością może wystąpić znaczne opóźnienie wytwarzania przeciwciał, przez co wyniki testów serologicznych mogą być błędnie interpretowane. Niniejszy przegląd koncentruje się na najczęstszych infekcjach przenoszonych przez kleszcze u pacjentów zakażonych wirusem HIV w Europie.
1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Kleszcze jako wektory. 3. Babeszjoza. 3.1. Diagnostyka i leczenie. 4. Borelioza z Lyme. 4.1. Diagnostyka i leczenie. 5. Riketsjozy. 5.1. Diagnostyka i leczenie. 6. Podsumowanie
1. Epidemiologia zakażeń HGV/GBV-C i HIV. 2. Współzakażenie HGV/GBV-C i HIV jako wynik wspólnych dróg zakażeń. 3. Analiza porównawcza budowy wirusów. 4. Kliniczne aspekty zakażenia. 5. Patogeneza współzakażenia HGV/GBV-C i HIV. 5.1.Tropizm. 5.2. Rola E2 i NS5A HGV/GBV-C w przebiegu zakażenia HIV. 5.3. Wpływ HGV/GBV-C na poziom ekspresji receptorów CCR5 i CXCR4 oraz wydzielanie cytokin. 6. Wpływ leczenia interferonem na zakażenie HGV/GBV-C. 7. HAART u pacjentów współzakażonych HGV/GBV-C i HIV. 8. Podsumowanie
Abstract: Recent studies showed that HGV/GBV-C infection may exert a beneficial effect on the course of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection in coinfected patients. It was found that CD4+ cell number is higher and progression to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is slower in coinfected patients as compared to HIV infected subjects. HGV/GBV-C infection is not associated with hepatitis, but can be responsible for development of some lymphoproliferative disease. HGV/GBV-C and HIV share common features, in particular: they are tropic for cells of the immune system, their genetic material consist of RNA and both circulate as quasispecies. HGV/GBV-C and HIV are transmitted through infected blood, sexually and vertically. The proposed mechanisms of HGV/GBV-C influence on HIV infection are based on the same tropism to immune cells and direct competition on the cellular level. It was observed that HGV/GBV-C can affect cytokine level, reduce expression of CCR5 and CXCR4, E2 and NS5A HGV/GBV-C proteins have inhibitory effect on HIV replication. Currently, there is no specific treatment directed against HGV/GBV-C infection, however, it is possible to analyze results of antiviral treatment in case of patients coinfected with HGV/GBV-C, HCV or HIV. HAART (high-activity antiretroviral therapy) and interferon α therapy are commonly used in these patients, but the effect of antiviral therapy on HGV/GBV-C remains unclear.
1. Epidemiology of HGV/GBV-C and HIV infection. 2. HGV/GBV-C and HIV coinfection as a result of common routes of transmission. 3. Comparative analysis of the structure of viruses. 4. Clinical aspects of infection. 5. Pathogenesis of HGV/GBV-C and HIV coinfection. 5.1. Tropism. 5.2. Role of E2 and NS5A HGV/GBV-C in the course of HIV infection. 5.3. Influence of HGV/GBV-C on CCR5 and CXCR4 expression and cytokines level. 6. Influence of interferon therapy on HGV/GBV-C infection. 7. HAART in patients with HGV/GBV-C and HIV coinfection. 8. Summary