Browsing tag: mikrobiom

MIKROBIOM CZŁOWIEKA – ZDROWIE I CHOROBA

Human microbiome – health and disease
M. Binek

1. Wstęp. 2. Techniki wykorzystywane do badań mikrobiomu. 3. Poznanie mikrobiomu człowieka w projekcie NIH. 4. Inne korzyści wynikające z realizacji projektu. 5. Jelitowy mikrobiom człowieka. 6. Skład i funkcja mikrobiomu na podstawie badań metagenomowych. 7. Mikrobiota a zachowanie homeostazy. 8. Mikrobiom a indukcja odpowiedzi poszczepiennej. 9. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Commensal microorganisms are known to colonize and form complex communities (microbiome) at various sites within the mammalian body. Because the human microbiome has the potential to affect so many aspects of human health, it has recently become the focus of a series of international human microbiome projects. Such studies are expected to lead to understanding of the impact of microbiota on human health and disease. Recent advances in sequencing technology have opened an entirely new arena in the research of diverse human microbiomes (the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms). In 2007 the National Institutes of Health launched the Human Microbiome Project to study the human microbiom broadly by examining at least four body sites i.e. gastrointestinal tract, the mouth, the vagina, and the skin. The primary goal of this project is to characterize the human microbiome and determine changes in the microbiome correlated to specific disease states. High-throughput sequencing is used to produce microbiome sequence data of samples from normal and diseased donors. Progress to date includes more than 1000 commensal bacteria genomes that have been completed and deposited in GenBank. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the ability of microbiota to modulate the expression of host genes. This is phenomenon forms part of the „cross-talk process” that takes place between the host and its indigenous microbiota. Studies on human intestinal microbiota suggest that host epithelials cell can express specific glycoconjugates in response to the presence of bacteria. Therefore, the gut microflora is responsible for modifying potential sites for attachment. This could be a selective advantage when competing with other bacteria for a niche with limited resources. The mucosal immune system has developed specialized regulatory, anti-inflammatory mechanisms for eliminating pathogens and tolerating commensal microorganisms. Toll-like receptors mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. In contrast, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity in order to establish host-microbial symbiosis. Activating anti-inflammatory response in the host via pattern recognition receptor signaling maintains homeostasis. Moreover, it has been shown that the intestinal microbiota composition exerts an effect on the development of immune response to certain vaccine antigens. Thus microbiota along with host human cells form a complex ecosystem which, as a whole interactively performs various biological processes. Their genomes are tightly linked forming an integral part of common metagenome.

1. Introduction. 2. Techniques for the study of human microbiome. 3. The NIH human microbiome project. 4. Additional advantages of launching the human microbiome Project. 5. Human intestinal microbiota. 6. Quality and function of microbiota based on metagenomics sequence data. 7. Microbiota and maintenance of homeostasis. 8. Does the microbiome affect the efficacy of vaccines? 9. Conclusions

Mikrobiom układu oddechowego w warunkach fizjologicznych i patologicznych

The respiratory tract microbiota in physiological and pathological conditions
M. Malinowska, B. Tokarz-Deptuła, W. Deptuła

1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Charakterystyka mikrobiomu dróg oddechowych w warunkach fizjologicznych. 3. Mikrobiom dróg oddechowych w warunkach patologicznych. 4. Podsumowanie

Abstract: The human body is inhabited by millions of microorganisms, residing on and in the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and in the vagina. Lower respiratory tract has considered to be free of bacteria, but the current research on microorganisms, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, led to the identification of the microbiome of this unique environment. It has been demonstrated that the bacterial flora of the lower respiratory tract is significantly different from that of the upper respiratory tract. Moreover, a difference in the microbiome of the lower respiratory tract of healthy individuals and patients suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has been shown.

1. Introduction. 2. Characteristics of the respiratory tracts microbiota in physiological conditions. 3. Respiratory tract microbiota in pathological conditions. 4. Summary

Mikrobiom człowieka

The human microbiome
M. Malinowska, B. Tokarz-Deptuła, W. Deptuła

1. Wprowadzenie 2. Mikrobiom skóry 3. Mikrobiom jamy ustnej 4. Mikrobiom przewodu pokarmowego 5. Mikrobiom dróg oddechowych 6. Mikrobiom układu moczowo-płciowego 7. Podsumowanie

Abstract: The human microbiome is represented by bacteria, archea, viruses, including bacteriophages, and fungi. These microorganisms colonize the human body and are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis, including human immune status. Even though human microbiome is vital for the functioning of the human organism, it is still poorly understood, especially when it comes to archea, but also viruses and fungi. The aim of this study is to present the current state of knowlegde about the microorganisms inhabiting essential biotypes of the human body, i.e. the skin, the mouth and the digestive tract, as well as the respiratory and urogenital tract.

1. Introduction. 2. The skin microbiome. 3. The oral microbiome. 4. The digestive tract microbiome. 5. The respiratory tract microbiome. 6. The urinary tract microbiome. 7. Summary